DOJ-OGR-00005913.pdf

--- Page 1 --- **Document Header:** Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 397-2 Filed 10/29/21 Page 3 of 45 **Text:** Alagia et al. CSA to authorities and the high rates reported in prevalence studies. For example, a meta-analysis conducted by Stoltenborgh, van IJzendoorn, Euser, and Bakermans-Kranenburg (2011) combining estimations of CSA in 217 studies published between 1980 and 2008 revealed rates of CSA to be more than 30 times greater in studies relying on self-reports (127 in 1,000) than in official report inquiries, such as those based on data from child protection services and the police (41,000) (Ji-lian, Cotter, & Perreault, 2014; Statistics Canada 2013). In other words, while 1 out of 8 people retrospectively report having experienced CSA, official incidence estimates indicate only 1 per 250 children. In a survey of Swiss child services, Maier, Mohler-Kuo, Landolt, Schnyder, and Jud (2013) further found 2.68 cases per 1,000 of CSA disclosures, while in a recent comprehensive review McElvaney (2015) details the high prevalence of delayed, partial, and nondisclosures in childhood indicating a persistent trend toward withholding CSA disclosure. It is our view that incidence statistics are likely an under-estimation of CSA disclosures, and this drives the rationale for the current review. Given the persistence of delayed disclosures with research showing a large number of survivors only disclosing in adulthood (Collin-Vezina et al., 2015; Easton, 2013; Hunter, 2011; McElvaney, 2015; Smith et al., 2000), these issues should be a concern for practitioners, policy makers, and the general public (McElvaney, 2015). The longer disclosures are delayed, the longer individuals potentially live with serious negative effects and mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, trauma disorders, and addictions, without receiving necessary treatment. This also increases the likelihood of more victims falling prey to undetected offenders. Learning more about CSA disclosure factors and processes to help advance our knowledge base may help professionals to facilitate earlier disclosures. Previous literature reviews examining factors influencing CSA disclosure have served the field well but are no longer current. Important contributions on CSA disclosures include Paine and Hansen's (2002) original review covering the literature largely from the premillennium era, followed by London, Bruck, Ceci, and Shuman's (2005) subsequent review, which may not have captured publications affected by "lag to print" delays so common in peer-reviewed journals. These reviews are now dated and therefore do not take into account the plethora of research that has been accumulated over the past 15 years. Other recent reviews exist but with distinct contributions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational processes of disclosure (Rut- tions on the dialogical relational 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