EFTA00147604.pdf

C401T Introduction to Operational Art and Design Strategy Tactics I Operational Art and Design 1 EFTA00147604  2 EFTA00147605  Operational Art and Design Strategy Tactics Operational Art and Design Leader/Commander Using Produces •Systems Perspective •Strategy •Operational Design S •Operational • Linear Planning Processes Plans •Orders The interaction of operational art and operational design provides a bridge between strategy and tactics, linking national strategic aims to tactical combat and noncombat operations that must be executed to accomplish these aims. 3 EFTA00147606  Systems Perspective Afghanistan Stability / COIN Dynamics The leader must understand the series of complex, interconnected relationships at work within the operational environment. One way of developing solutions is to view these interrelated challenges from a systems perspective...to consider the relationship between all of the aspects of the system. Here are some examples of systems analysis products used to understand the operational environment. Notice that the systems analysis labeled "Afghanistan Stability/COIN Dynamics" was meant to be a design drawing for the internal use of the design team/staff. Design drawings, which could be on sketch paper, what boards, or on slides will only make sense to those that created it to help in understanding. It is not meant to serve as a presentation drawing (labeled Key Actors Relationships) that provides a level of simplicity and ease of understanding to someone who did not participate in the creation of the product. 4 EFTA00147607  History of Operational Design (1 of 2) • 1970's - "Intellectual Renaissance" in military theory and planning requiring officers to "visualize" problems before the initiation of planning • 1990's — End of the "Cold War" and a dawn of new/more complex problems facing the military • Mid-2000's: — Systemic Concept for Operational Design — Army adopts concepts of design in FM 3-0 Operations — 2006: DoD TRADOC Pamphlet 525-5-500 codifies Commander's Appreciation and Campaign Design — Command & General Staff College / School of Advanced Military Studies — OIF Campaign: Gen. Mattis stressed planners needed to "design a broad approach to achieving objectives and accomplishing the mission; and to determine if, when, and how to change that approach when circumstances change." 5 EFTA00147608  History of Operational Design (2 of 2) • Israeli Defense Forces - lows: Operational meaty Research Institute (ORTI) - 2006: Shimon Navey (Director of ORT1) - Highly critical of the Israeli approach in rheYom Kippur War of 1973 US Special Operational Command — Center for Special Operations - Campaign Plan 7500 - Interagency Approach - Horizon of the CT Challenge to the United Stotts Government - "Range Rider" - -Global Forecasting" 6 EFTA00147609  Operational Art and Design Operational Art —Operational art is the application of intuition and creative imagination by commanders (leaders) and staffs. Supported by their skill, knowledge, experience, creativity, and judgment, commanders (leaders) seek to understand the OE, visualize and describe the desired end state, and employ assigned resources Ickaag Protim era Pl. , If UN no-. pa) aro... to achieve objectives. IP 54 IS let Cpotabcoal Where do we (Mee Vii•Ate Operational Design —Operational design is the Design flernenh conception and construction of the framework Onegens Deer that underpins a campaign or operation and its subsequent execution. 054/V1 Operational Approecn OperationalDesign supports operational an with a framework and generalmethodology using elements of operational design for understanding the situation and the problem. 7 7 EFTA00147610  Operational Design and JPP • Operational Design provides JOW•I Operation Plantes) Process 114.000,01 the mnreptual basis for 0.061.41•11.All structuring campaigns and operations. attaa • JPP provides a proven process to organize the work of the 0 -maps• ri Put Fula Oes ..• commander, staff, subordinate AnOt One commanders, and other partners D•wele. Ea...ores • r .nO t Y'T CO to develop plans... 0...reav • Fru • met.....en Lam., OnlINOCOAs • Operational Design and JPP are •••••le *Sawn .11.111.1••••••••••• *Pee .11111. complementary elements of the a Memo Cii•esis• overall planning process. ani The iterative process between the CDR's maturing operational approach and the development of the mission through!PP facilitates the continuing development of COAs and their refinement into eventual CONOPS... 8 EFTA00147611  Operational Design Framework Four Major Components: 1. Understand Strategic Guidance 2. Understand the Operational Environment 3. Define the Problem(s) 4. Operational Approach F The components have characteristics that exist outside ofeach other and are not necessarily sequential. However, an understanding of the OE and the problem(s) must be establishedprior to developing operational approaches. 9 EFTA00147612  Design Methodology Methodology Includes: 1. Understand strategic direction and guidance Identify Problem 2. Understand the strategic environment What prevents us from gong where we (policies, diplomacy, politics) want to go? 3. Understand the operational (Theory*, the Current System) (Theory of the Problem) (Theory of the Dottie,' System) environment 4. Define the problem 5. Identify assumptions needed to Operational Where do we Where We Are want to go, continue planning (both strategic and Design operational) 6. Develop options (the operational Elements of • Achieving a common Operational Design • Strategic end state approach) understanding of the • Military end state 7. Identify decisions, decision points Situation (Theory of Acton) • Supporting (external to the organization) • Continuous and departments' and recursive refinement agencies objectives 8. Refine the operational approach(es) of situational 9. Develop planning guidance understanding Operational Approach Operational Design results in the commander's operational approach, which broadly describes the actions the Joint force needs to take to reach the end state. 10 EFTA00147613  Elements of Operational Design Where We Are Identify Problem • Center of Gravity Where do we want to go? • Termination (newt stow CmonontSv.wm moon at ire waive., ,,,,, ct the Veve•0 • Military End State Identify Problem Operational hore do we When We Are Design Want to go/ • Center of Gravity', Elements of Operational Approach • Achieving a CORIMCNI Operational DOSSIn • StrOter end wee understanding Of the • Objectives sduabon • swiss end state tilwayee staled • Suppoieng • Effects • Continuous and recursive refinement 0 pop rents Ono agencies ottectnes • Center of Gravity* cil istluabonal understanding Operational Approach • Decisive Points n • LOO/LOE Elements of Operational Design • Direct/Indirect Approach • Termination • Deed and Indirect approach • MIkilery end stale • AnticiPatem • Anticipation • Obtectiveo • Operational leach • Operational Reach • affects • Culmination • Culmination • Center of gravity • An-engin° operabon• • Arranging Operations • Decisive pointy • Forces and functions • Ines of operation and Ones of *non •Forces and Functions *Cab Isdeveloped espoet 4undentandkig the situation, but assists withIdentifying the problem a providedetuslads/Spna the operetiondApproach 11 EFTA00147614  Strategic Guidance Principles End State, Objectives, Effects, Tasks Litati Sbhctvwp End state describes me set of conditions to meet conflict termination cntena. C Tasks Natonal strategic Strategic end state Detectives presents friendly goals. Theater strategic Military end state Objectives daunts° the condemn Elects related to die othectwes. • Desired elects describe conditions needed to Operatonal Weary end state acne.* objectives °twang • V•CICised effects describe Effects conditions that nil impede Tasks achievement of °getting. la.k, describe friendly acbCas Tatted Minion create desired effects or preclude Obtectves uncleared effects Tasks Mission clescntes the 0•9•1•74.63114 055.3110011 Oak or bask(e) and Krone. After Termination there is end state, objectives, effects and tasks. These are difficult topics so do not rush through it. Note: Tasks are not a separate element (Why? I don't know.) Notice the nesting of the levels from national strategic to tactical in the box on the left. Note: our discussion is focused on the theater strategic and operational levels where joint forces operate, not the national strategic. Joint doctrine's 'elements of operational design reside" at these two levels. Effects and tasks are not used at the national strategic level and effects are not used at the tactical level. However, the Army at the tactical level could use the term 'conditions' in lieu of effects. The box on the right defines the elements and their hierarchy. Notice that the end state is a set of conditions and should be described as conditions, that meet the termination criteria. Remember the termination criteria is approved and comes down from the national strategic level. Note: Some think that the end state should come first and that the termination criteria should be based on the end state conditions. This thinking is reasonable and true at the national strategic level, but represents misunderstanding of the operational level of war. Strategic guidance given to the joint force commander includes the strategic end state, objectives and termination criteria, from that the staff determines what conditions (the military end state) meets the termination criteria and the objectives/goals that would create those conditions. Know that an effect is a physical and/or behavioral state of a system that results from an action, a set of actions, or another effect. Therefore the effect is a description of how a system should behave when the objective is achieved. The behavior is observable and measurable and is used as a metric to determine if the objective had been met. There are four primary considerations for writing a desired effect statement (a) Each desired effect should link directly to one or more objectives (b) The effect should be measurable (c) The statement should not specify ways and means for accomplishment (d) The effect should be distinguishable from the objective it supports as a condition for success, not as another objective or a task. The following slides will discuss each element individually and include examples. 12 EFTA00147615 Understand the Operational Environment (1 of 3) Key Inputs Key Outputs Strategic guidance Description of the current operational environment Nature of the conflict • Systems perspective of the operational environment Relevant history physical and Understanding • rm irr mato sn i f nn nf t s on the Physical and information factors of the operational environment the air, land, maritime, and space Operational • Friendly/enemy COGs domains and the information Environment environment Description of the desired operational environment Analysis (opposing, neutral, friendly) • Military end state • PMESII • Termination criteria Tools/modeh to • PESTL support analysis • ASCOPE Description of opposing end states Where are we?...Where do we want to go? 13 EFTA00147616 Operational Environment Analytic Methods • DIME: • PMESII-PT: • ASCOPE: • PESTL: — Diplomacy — Political — Areas — Political — Information — Military — Structures — Economic — Military — Economic — Capabilities — Social — Economy — Social — Organizations — Technologic — Information — People — Legal — Infrastructure — Events — Physical Environment — Time 14 EFTA00147617 Holistic View of the Operational Environment Time SOcipee /twat , csove(San She ratio's /0/0„reati etas On tow_ Sta/ F i7cite 4leas n°17°100/ Ora Po'" N r Spate FI 2 i *-, 0 WADrY e Domain e ..9 z i u -a' a - .',_ ce roc, t n Air d in,, - vrnain Olcor ace g E. r I swfa_ 6 — ° 5 p 5. soc4 a Y Lando Sanst; . I S' ? °Peel' 2 `g wfrass*n MIS°11 r,„ae°PyCiniit1 4 / "14arn,„, - en _ 9:- g- z „ootater's Met, Oc.,„„, "'Maio , alleC`c Qcoafro91°1°91c --.9. tioarace oe ticO`jivo aptheariaserki t SP° CirS Other Actors Figure IV.5. Holistic View of the Operational Environment 15 EFTA00147618  Understand the Operational Environment (2 of 3) OperationalEnvironment is the composite of the conditions, circumstances, andinfluences that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. 16 EFTA00147619  Understand the Operational Environment (3 of 3) This may be a potential of this system coo Stop On* production Current System eto.o. Friendly Desired System r. r • friendly node tttttttentity node This may tendency of this ystem key node I k tt. - weak link j as strong link The commander must be able to describe both the current state... and the desired end state to visualize an approach to solving the problem. In developing an understanding of the interactions and relationships of relevant actors..., commanders and staffs consider natural tendencies and potentials in their analysis. 17 EFTA00147620  18 EFTA00147621  19 EFTA00147622  Define the Problem (1 of 2) Key Inputs Key Outputs Description of the current Problem statement that identifies operational environment problem to be solved • Systems perspective of the operational environment Tension between current conditions • Impacts of physical and and desired end state information factors on the Defining operational environment Elements within the operational • Friendly/enemy COGs the environment that must change to Problem achieve desired end state Description of the desired operational environment Opportunities and threats to • Military end state achieving end states • Termination criteria Limitations Description of opposing end states Assumptions Where—conceptually—should we act to achieve our desired state? 20 EFTA00147623  Defining the Problem (2 of 2) What needs to honor to get to the defiled OG end state? Stop drug production Current System Friendly Desired System r • friendly node • unfriendly node • key node let - - - - week link = strong link , Critical to defining the problem is determining what needs to be acted on to reconcilei the differences between existing and desired conditions. 21 EFTA00147624  Problem Statements • Two forms: - Interrogative — Declarative • Generally requires a "deeper" level of analysis • Must encompass the true root of the organization's challenge to drive the current state to the desired state • Can use "METT-TC" {Mission, Enemy (Threat), Terrain, Troops (Personnel), Time, Civilian Considerations (Community)} analysis to assist with focusing the problem 22 statement 22 EFTA00147625 Defining the Problem No onSel soluoons cm*/ Problem identåkabon u no In..0 is,,....-ei thal a stoblqinS new O Yr . \ , • cannol «Illy 0•4001w10 ~CI, iSSue IS "CilliCar • n crilicel lo linted a SialeSS ' n oiliest& to ply n critical» he horns , , COI-Witty • lenulfiCientanailtes b OCISIASSS ~Ili al O , Y.* • ~am mow:craw ~stun the issuen I rI ....... „ n arsch tssues of MI le I ' I•sbef. have more .., ~actor, OITLYS ‘ (even l noi «moon , (2. which rm.» mii o3 is • ports , • ol- i , &stay I enOber IS oddlossed • WaeCh am 'pet rocks' ana not reaey wino. solution to the suited. ,, br • or leti ii ~MY* - -- ptomain? Figure W411. Defining the Problem - 23 EFTA00147626 President Obama: "The United States' prime interest is to defeat ISIL and to respect Iraqi sovereignty... that will continue to be our policy." Economic Interests in Iraq 24 EFTA00147627  Sample Design Drawing — Enemy Desired System Problem Statement -Arabs remain unable to unite for common purpose; remain di ineffective fighting force Tensions in Present System -Arabs unable to help the British -UK at war with Germany and war eflOrt Turkey -Turks continue occupation of -British EEF and Turkish Fourth Tendency ll Arab lands Army engaged in conventional battle -Turkish occupation of Arab land -Tribal Feuds among Arab tribes Potential Friendly Desired System -Differing views of warfare -Arabs become an effective fighting force -Arabs able to help the British war effort problem Statement -Turks unable to sustain flow does Lawrence bring together a disparate group presence in Arab lands ofArab tribes to form an effective fighting force which can support the EEF's conventional campaign against the Turks occupying the Arab lands? Or Lawrence needed to bring together a disparate group ofArab tribes to form an effective fighting force which can support the EEF12/ conventional campaign against the Turks occupying the Arab lands. 25 EFTA00147628  Operational Approach (1of 2) Key Inputs Key Outputs Problem statement that identifies Description of the operational problem to be solved environment Tension between current conditions Definition of the problem and desired end state Defining Commander's operational approach Elements within the operational environment that must change to the Identify decisions and decision achieve desired end state Problem points (DP's) Opportunities and threats to JFC's initial planning guidance achieving end states • Commander's Initial Intent Limitations Refine operational approach Assumptions How do we act to achieve our desired state? 26 EFTA00147629  Operational Approach (2 of 2) Current Desired System System Line of Effort END Condition 1 Condition 1 • • STATE Lino of Effort Condition 2 • Condition 2 Objective 1 Line of Operations Condition 3 Condition 3 A Objective 2 The beginning State intermediate Condition 4 Factor: of the operational The state of the (A comtinatian of actions. decisive points. environment environment that milestones, intermediate objectives. Or other factors on a 100 or WE necessary achieves end State In Cfr.Ve neared Cry,l'rW.) ObjeCtives I men I> OpnalkeS DtilinMandbeeb The operational approach reflects understanding of the operational environment and the problem while describing the commander's visualization of a broad approach for achieving the desired end state. 27 EFTA00147630 Understanding the Linkage of an Operational Approach https://votAv.youtube.com/watch?v=W5qQb1HZ5gQ 28 EFTA00147631  Sample Design Drawing — Operational Approach Problem Statement How does US, partners and "Moderate Muslim nations town and maintain a MNF for an enduring effort to support Iran DI Sumrs) to defeat ISIS, enable broader WoT and restore regional security and stabiity, while respecting state sovereignty, US Strateakauldanet preventing long term involvement of US ground combat troops, and without increasing Iranian threat. -Improve stability and security in MN • Promote regional mop a =magma central region (M/E) • strengthen border/migration Cooperation • Reautment 61rupted -Respectstate Defeat Mechanism sovereignty (D/M) Strengthen •wenjthen Iwq motwol inittrytws •raq, NY to Non sovaegn -Protect interests Iraq •ragtew'tr b-0 Itabitivr,p,oved Winning (D/E) the Narrative •We When,' .tnd 'We rase, -Umited ground Target ISIL •I9i. toga to/ SunaJdalog 'SILO combat operations •Umned VS Van/ troop) (I/M) Operational Anoroarh Narrative The approach will include three broad lines of effort; strengthening Iraq, targeting MIL and MN cooperation. We will build and maintain a strong multinational force that is able to effectively plan and coordinate effects, and manage risk. Iraqi land forces will be supported by SOF, air and stand-off effects and training/advisory forces. Operations will include a range of conventional and unconventional methods to directly and indirectly target, degrade and defeat ISIL's "Apocalyptic" narrative. We will work to gain the collective support of 'moderate' Muslims. NI regional operations will be aligned to ensure they are complementary and synergistic with broader WoT effects and outcomes. 29 EFTA00147632  Sample Design Drawing - Operational Approach Categories ofAnalysis emduces Conceptual Plan 'iliths-edag Desired System Algebraical .reed toadmire factors reLtted to space and limo 4 Desired System -Arabs become an Biological effective fighting force •mad touter down cu, onY 4 -Arabs able to help the Defeat British war eflon itlechannin- -Turks unable to sustain uPPoct Mobility rya presence in Arab lands Psychological .treed 6r moral support Epi ofeluupopulace nrccmion Mobility Irresube warfare Info Opt Intelligence WM* Operational Approach N he Using the algebraically, biological, and psychological categories of analysis. Lawrence envisioned a conceptual plan centered on guerrilla warfare against the Turks. His conceptual plan was built on the four pillars of populace support, precision intelligence, operational mobility, and irregular warfare tactics which optimized the strengths of the Arabs in this harsh environment. The defeat mechanism for this plan was exhaustion of the Turkish forces in Arabia thmugh attacks on the "enemy's material.- The Arabs would thus be transformed into an effective fighting force able to support the British war effort and ultimately make it unsustainable for the Turks to continue its occupation. 30 30 EFTA00147633 DIRECT NSS— National Security Strategy UCP—Unified Command Plan QDR— Quadrennial Defense Review NMS— National Military Strategy OHSR-- Quadrennial Homeland Security Review (Dept of Homeland Security) QDDR-- Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (Dept of State) EMPLOY GEF- Guidance for Employment of the Force RPG- Resource Planning Guidance CPG-- Contingency Planning Guidance JSCP-- Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (Next release: Joint Strategic Campaign Plan TCP— Theater Campaign Plan TPP— theater Posture Plan OPLAN- Operations Plan (complete plan with all annexes and TPFDL (Time Phased Force Deployment List)) CONPLAN- Contingency Plan (Base plan with select annexes and TPFDL BASEPLAN- Complete Base plan without annexes CDR's Estimate- Commander's Estimate Assess CRA-- Chairman's Risk Assessment CRS-- Chairman's Readiness System JSR- Joint Strategic Review AJA- Annual Joint Assessment (Renamed from CRA) Develop CCJO- Chairman's Concept for Joint Operations Military Departments! Defense Organizations USA- U.S. Army USMC-- U.S. Marine Corps USN- U.S. Navy USAF- U.S. Air Force USCG- U.S. Coast Guard USSOCOM- U.S. Special Operations Command Service Components ARFOR— Army Forces MARFOR— Marine Forces NAVFOR-- Navy Forces AFFOR- Air Force Forces TSOC— Theater Special Operations Command Functional Components JFACC- Joint Force Air Component Commander JFLCC- Joint Force Land Component Commander JFMCC- Joint Force Maritime Component Commander JTF- Joint Task Force JSOTF- Joint Special Operations Task Force EFTA00147634 JMISTF— Joint Military Information Support Task Force JCMOTF- Joint Civil Military Operations Task Force JIATF—Joint Interagency Task Force EFTA00147635